terraform

---
name: terraform
description: >-
license: MIT
---

# Terraform & OpenTofu

## File Organization & Naming

| File | Purpose |
|------|---------|
| `terraform.tf` | Terraform + provider version requirements |
| `providers.tf` | Provider configurations |
| `main.tf` | Primary resources and data sources |
| `variables.tf` | Input variables (alphabetical) |
| `outputs.tf` | Output values (alphabetical) |
| `locals.tf` | Local values |

- Lowercase with underscores: `web_api`, not `webAPI` or `web-api`
- Descriptive nouns excluding resource type: `aws_instance.web_api` not `aws_instance.web_api_instance`
- Singular, not plural
- `this` for singleton resources (one of that type per module)
- Contextual variable prefixes: `vpc_cidr_block` not `cidr`

## Block Ordering

**Resources:** `count`/`for_each` (blank line after) → arguments → nested blocks → `tags` → `depends_on` → `lifecycle` (last)

**Variables:** `description` → `type` → `default` → `validation` → `nullable`

Every variable needs `type` + `description`. Every output needs `description`. Mark secrets `sensitive = true`.

## Module Structure

| Type | Scope | Example |
|------|-------|---------|
| Resource Module | Single logical group | VPC + subnets, SG + rules |
| Infrastructure Module | Collection of resource modules | Networking + compute for one region |
| Composition | Complete infrastructure | Spans regions/accounts |

```
module-name/
├── main.tf, variables.tf, outputs.tf, versions.tf
├── examples/
│   ├── minimal/
│   └── complete/
└── tests/
    └── defaults.tftest.hcl
```

Keep modules small (single responsibility). `examples/` double as documentation and integration test fixtures. Semantic versioning for all published modules.

## count vs for_each

| Scenario | Use |
|----------|-----|
| Boolean toggle (create or skip) | `count = condition ? 1 : 0` |
| Named/keyed items that may reorder | `for_each = toset(list)` or `map` |
| Fixed identical replicas | `count = N` |

Default to `for_each` -- removing a middle item from a `count` list recreates all subsequent resources. Use `count` only for boolean conditionals or truly identical replicas.

## Testing

| Situation | Approach |
|-----------|----------|
| Quick validation | `terraform fmt -check && terraform validate` |
| Pre-commit | + `tflint` + `trivy config .` / `checkov -d .` |
| Logic validation (1.6+) | Native `terraform test` with `command = plan` |
| Cost-free unit tests (1.7+) | Native tests + `mock_provider` |
| Real infra validation | Native tests with `command = apply`, or Terratest (Go) |

**Native test essentials** (`.tftest.hcl` in `tests/`):
- `command = plan` for fast unit tests; `command = apply` for integration (default)
- `assert { condition = expr; error_message = "..." }` -- multiple per run block
- `expect_failures = [var.name]` for negative testing (validate rejection of bad input)
- `mock_provider "aws" { mock_resource "..." { defaults = { ... } } }` -- plan-mode only, no credentials, fast CI
- `variables {}` at file level (all runs) or within a `run` block (override)
- Reference prior run outputs: `run.setup.vpc_id`
- `parallel = true` on independent runs with separate state -- creates sync point at next sequential run
- `state_key = "name"` required for `parallel = true` runs with independent state
- File naming: `*_unit_test.tftest.hcl` (plan mode) vs `*_integration_test.tftest.hcl` (apply mode)
- A `module {}` block inside a `run` accepts local paths and registry modules only -- not git or HTTP sources. Repos consuming git-sourced modules must vendor or localize them before they can be tested.
- After a test file completes, resources are destroyed in **reverse run-block order**. Order dependent runs accordingly (create the bucket before the run that puts objects in it), or the destroy fails and leaves billable resources behind. There is no CLI flag to skip cleanup -- inspect a failure with `-verbose`.

**Running them:**

```bash
terraform test                                     # all *.tftest.hcl under tests/
terraform test -filter=vpc_unit_test.tftest.hcl    # one test FILE (not a run-block name)
terraform test -verbose                            # show the plan/apply per run block
terraform test -test-directory=path                # non-default test dir
```

Split by cost in CI: plan-mode unit tests on every PR, apply-mode integration tests on merge only.

## Version Pinning

| Component | Strategy | Example |
|-----------|----------|---------|
| Terraform | Pin minor | `required_version = "~> 1.9"` |
| Providers | Pin major | `version = "~> 5.0"` |
| Modules (prod) | Pin exact | `version = "5.1.2"` |
| Modules (dev) | Allow patch | `version = "~> 5.1"` |

Key modern features: `moved` blocks (1.1+), `optional()` with defaults (1.3+), native testing (1.6+), mock providers (1.7+), cross-variable validation (1.9+), write-only arguments (1.11+).
Stacks (HCP -- check current release status): orchestrates multiple configs as a single deployment unit -- evaluate for multi-environment patterns.

## State & Security

- Remote backend with locking: S3 with `use_lockfile = true` (1.10+), Azure Blob, GCS, or Terraform Cloud. Never local state for shared infrastructure. DynamoDB-based S3 locking (`dynamodb_table`) is deprecated and slated for removal -- prefer `use_lockfile`; both may be set at once while migrating an existing table off.
- Encrypt state at rest. Never commit `.tfstate`, `.terraform/`, or `*.tfplan`. Always commit `.terraform.lock.hcl`.
- `default_tags` on provider for consistent resource tagging.
- Encryption at rest on all storage. Private networking by default -- public access is opt-in.
- Least-privilege security groups. No `0.0.0.0/0` ingress without explicit justification.
- Never hardcode credentials -- use assume_role, OIDC, or secrets managers.
- Pre-commit: auto-format first (`terraform fmt -recursive` -- rewrites files), then verify (`terraform validate && tflint && trivy config .`)
- `moved { from = old; to = new }` for refactoring resource names/modules without destroy-recreate. Remove block after apply.

## Troubleshooting

- State lock stuck: `terraform force-unlock <ID>` -- only after confirming no other operation running
- Resource drift: `terraform plan -refresh-only` to detect, `terraform apply -refresh-only` to accept
- Replace tainted: `terraform apply -replace=ADDR` (not deprecated `terraform taint`)
- Import existing: `import` blocks (1.5+) for declarative import, or `terraform import ADDR ID`

## Dependency Management

Use `locals` with `try()` to control deletion ordering without explicit `depends_on`:

```hcl
locals {
  vpc_id = try(aws_vpc_ipv4_cidr_block_association.this[0].vpc_id, aws_vpc.this.id, "")
}
```

This forces Terraform to destroy subnets before CIDR associations -- prevents deletion errors.

- `cidrsubnet(var.vpc_cidr, 8, count.index)` for calculated subnet CIDRs -- never hardcode subnets
- Multi-region: `provider "aws" { alias = "eu_west_1" }` + `providers = { aws = aws.eu_west_1 }` in module blocks

## Verify

Run before declaring done:

```bash
terraform fmt -check && terraform validate && tflint && trivy config .
```

All commands must pass with zero errors. Where plan-mode tests exist, add `terraform test -filter=<unit-test-file>` -- restrict this to plan-mode suites, since apply-mode tests stand up real infrastructure and do not belong in a pre-completion check.