architecture-paradigm-cqrs-es

---
name: architecture-paradigm-cqrs-es
description: Applies CQRS and Event Sourcing for read/write separation and audit trails. Use when designing systems with complex domain logic or full state-change history.
license: MIT
---

# The CQRS and Event Sourcing Paradigm


## When To Use

- Designing event-sourced systems with complex domain logic
- Systems requiring full audit trails of state changes

## When NOT To Use

- Simple CRUD applications without complex domain logic
- Small projects where event sourcing adds unnecessary complexity

## When to Employ This Paradigm
- When read and write workloads have vastly different performance characteristics or scaling requirements.
- When all business events must be captured in a durable, immutable history or audit trail.
- When a business needs to rebuild projections of data or support temporal queries (e.g., "What did the state of this entity look like yesterday?").

## Adoption Steps
1. **Identify Aggregates**: Following Domain-Driven Design principles, specify the bounded contexts and the business invariants that each command must enforce on an aggregate.
2. **Model Commands and Events**: Define the schemas and validation rules for all commands and the events they produce. Document a clear strategy for versioning and schema evolution.
3. **Implement the Write Side (Command Side)**: Command handlers are responsible for loading an aggregate's event stream, executing business logic, and atomically appending new events to the stream.
4. **Build Projections to the Read Side**: Create separate read models (projections) that are fed by subscriptions to the event stream. Implement back-pressure and retry policies for these subscriptions.
5. **validate Full Observability**: Implement detailed logging that includes event IDs, sequence numbers, and metrics for tracking the lag time of each projection.

## Key Deliverables
- An Architecture Decision Record (ADR) detailing the aggregates, the chosen event store technology, the projection strategy, and the expected data consistency model (e.g., eventual consistency SLAs).
- A suite of tests for command handlers that use in-memory event streams, complemented by integration tests for the projections.
- Operational tooling for replaying events, taking state snapshots for performance, and managing schema migrations.

## Risks & Mitigations
- **High Operational Overhead**:
  - **Mitigation**: Bugs related to event ordering and replays can be difficult to diagnose. Invest heavily in automation, Dead-Letter Queues (DLQs) for failed events, and regular "chaos engineering" drills to test resilience.
- **Challenges of Eventual Consistency**:
  - **Mitigation**: Users may be confused by delays between performing an action and seeing the result. Clearly document the SLAs for read model updates and manage user-facing expectations accordingly, for example, by providing immediate feedback on the command side.
- **Schema Drift**:
  - **Mitigation**: An unplanned change to an event schema can break consumers. Enforce the use of a formal schema registry and implement version gates in the CI/CD pipeline to prevent the emission of unvalidated event versions.

## Concrete Components

These vocabulary items name the concrete tools and abstractions
that show up when the paradigm is implemented. They are not
required dependencies and they are not part of the skill's
``tools:`` frontmatter (which is reserved for Claude Code tool
restrictions). Use this list to disambiguate during architecture
discussions.

- ``event-store``: append-only log of domain events; the system of record from which projections are built
- ``message-broker``: carries commands and integration events between bounded contexts
- ``projection-builder``: rebuilds read-side views by replaying the event store

## Exit Criteria

- [ ] An ADR is produced naming the aggregates, the chosen event store technology, the projection
  strategy, and the eventual-consistency SLA for each read model.
- [ ] Command handler tests use in-memory event streams and pass before any persistence adapter
  is wired.
- [ ] A schema registry or versioning policy for event schemas is documented, and a CI gate
  prevents emission of event versions not registered in that policy.
- [ ] Operational tooling for event replay and state snapshots is identified (not just mentioned)
  before the write-side is declared production-ready.